Labour and Gender Equality Policy: parental leave, breastfeeding and child well-being
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7203/IREP.5.1.26980
Abstract
We analyze whether there is a relationship between the design of paid parental leave and the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding, while studying risk and protective factors, including breastfeeding and maternal participation in the labour market, on children's mental health in the medium and long term. Two quantitative studies are conducted in an urban Spanish context, based on a representative survey and analytical observational study, with case-control studies. These are complementary as they include economic, psychological, sociological and public policy variables and approaches. Mother's labour market participation and breastfeeding, especially when both circumstances occur together, are protective factors for children, economically and psychologically. The current length of maternity leave does not correlate to the provision or non-provision of breastmilk or the duration of breastfeeding. The main labour policy implication is the relevance of implementing a parental leave system that encourages equal use among women and men during the first year of life, with equal, nontransferable, 100% paid and nonsimultaneous use leave, as it enhances the factors that influence child well-being while promoting the goal of gender equality. Health policy could also support the equal use of parental leave by providing advice and training for co-responsibility of fathers in care, in a similar way as it does for breastfeeding.
Downloads
References
AEP (2004). MONOGRAFÍA Nº5. Guía de Lactancia para profesionales. Madrid: AEP.
Barnett, W. S. y Masse, L.N. (2007), Comparative Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Abecedarian Program and Its Policy Implications. Economics of Education Review, 26 (1): 113–25.
Bowlby, J. (1986). Vínculos afectivos: formación, desarrollo y pérdida. Madrid: Morata.
Bünning, M. (2015). What happens after the “Daddy Months”? Fathers’ involvement in paid work, childcare, and housework after taking parental leave in Germany. European Sociological Review, 31 (6), 738–748. http://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcv072
Cabrera, N.J. y Tamis-LeMonda, C.S. (2013) Handbook of father involvement: multidisciplinary perspectives. New York: Routledge.
Cano, T., y Hofmeister, H. (2023). The intergenerational transmission of gender: Paternal influences on children's gender attitudes. Journal of Marriage and Family, 85(1), 193– 214 https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12863
Castellanos-Serrano, C. (2016). Evaluation of public policies: Marital property regimes and PLSs. Effects on welfare regime from the gender perspective Tesis doctoral, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. http://eprints.ucm.es/37399/1/T37129.pdf
Castellanos-Serrano, C. (2020). Is universal education and care for children aged 0–3 feasible? The case of Spain. Politica economica, Journal of Economic Policy, 3(2020), 317–339. https://doi.org/10.1429/99566 https://www.rivisteweb.it/issn/1120-9496
Castellanos-Serrano, C. (2022). Reformar y evaluar el permiso de nacimiento y cuidado de menor para asegurar el objetivo de corresponsabilidad IgualdadES, 7, 579–609. https://doi.org/10.18042/cepc/IgdES.7.08
Castellanos-Serrano, C., Escot, L., & Fernández-Cornejo, J. A. (2023). Parental leave system design impacts on its gendered use: Paternity leave introduction in Spain. Family Relations, 1– 20. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12875
Castellanos-Serrano, C., & Perondi, A. C. (2022). Presupuestos y legislación con perspectiva de género: educación 0 a 3, permiso de nacimiento, jornadas y condiciones laborales Papers, 107 (3), e3064. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers.3064
Castro-García, C. y Pazos-Morán, M. (2016), Parental Leave Policy and Gender Equality in Europe. Feminist Economics, 22(3), 51-73.
Cebolla-Boado H, Jiménez-Buedo M, Salazar L. (2017) Avoiding selection bias without random assignment? The effect of breastfeeding on cognitive outcomes in China. Soc Sci Med. 2017 Dec; 194:151-159. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.10.015.
Colen, C.G y Ramey, D.M (2014) Is breast truly best? Estimating the effects of breastfeeding on long-term child health and wellbeing in the United States using sibling comparisons, Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 109, 55-65,
Coria, C. (1995) El dinero en la pareja. Barcelona: Altaya.
Crowell, J. y Waters, E. (2005). Attachment representations, secure-base behavior, and the evolution of adult relationships: The Stony Brook Adult Relation-ships Project. In: K.E,
Grossman & E. Waters. (Eds.). Attachment from infancy to adulthood: the major longitudinal studies. (pp.223-244). New York: Guilford Press.
Daly, M. (2018). Towards a theorization of the relationship between poverty and family.
Social Policy & Administration, 52(3), 565-577. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12350 Del Boca, D. (2015) Child care arrangements and labor supply. IDB Working Paper Series;
569. Inter-American Development Bank.
Der, G., Batty, G.D. y Deary, I.J. (2006) Effect of breast feeding on intelligence in children: prospective study, sibling pairs analysis, and meta-analysis, British Medical Journal ; Nov 4; 333(7575):945-; doi:10.1136/bmj.38978.699583.55
Dominguez-Folgueras, M., González, M.J. y Lapuerta, I. (2022) The Motherhood Penalty in Spain: The Effect of Full- and Part-Time Parental Leave on Women’s Earnings, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, Volume 29, Issue 1, Spring 2022, Pages 164–189, https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxab046
Elborgh-Woytek, K. Newiak, M., Kochhar, K., Fabrizio, S., Kpodar, K., Wingender, P., Clements, B. y G. Schwartz (2013) Las mujeres, el trabajo y la economía: Beneficios macroeconómicos de la equidad de género. FMI Septiembre de 2013/SDN/13/10 https://www.igualdadenlaempresa.es/enlaces/webgrafia/docs/Las_mujeres_el_trab ajo_y-FMI.pdf
Escot, L., Fernández-Cornejo, J. A., Castellanos-Serrano, C. Y Del-Pozo, E., (2012) Microdata from the Survey on the Use of Parental Leave and their Labor Consequences. Encuesta sobre el uso de los permisos parentales y sus consecuencias laborales (EUPPCL 2012) ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26675.55848
Eydal, G.B. y Gíslason, I.V., 2018. ‘Iceland country note’, en Blum, S., Koslowski, A., Macht, A. y Moss, P. (eds.) International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2018. http://www.leavenetwork.org/lp_and_r_reports /
Fernández-Cornejo, J. A., Del-Pozo, E. Escot, L. y Castellanos-Serrano, C. (2018) “Can an egalitarian reform in the parental leave system reduce the motherhood labor penalty? Some evidence from Spain”. Revista Española de Sociología RES, 27(3-Sup) 45-64 doi:10.22325/fes/res.2018.33
Fernández-Cornejo, J.A., Escot, L., Del-Pozo, E. y Castellanos-Serrano, C. 2016. Do Fathers Who Took Childbirth Leave Become More Involved in Their Children’s Care? The case of Spain. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, XLVII (2), pp. 169-191.
Gimeno Navarro, A. (2017) Lactancia materna en cifras: tasas de inicio y duración de la lactancia en España y en otros países, Asociación Española de Pediatría https://www.aeped.es/sites/default/files/documentos/201602-lactancia-materna- cifras.pdf
Glendon, M. A. (1999) “Derecho y familia”, Estudios Públicos Nº 76, 1999. Centro de Estudios Publicos, 137-209.
Haas, L., Allard, K., y Hwang, P. (2002) “The impact of organizational culture on men's use of parental leave in Sweden”, Community, Work, and Family, 5(3), 319-342.
Heckman, J.J. and D.V. Masterov (2007) ‘The Productivity Argument for Investing in Young Children’, Review of Agricultural Economics, 29(3), 446-493.
Hernández Aguilar, M.T. (2004). Epidemiología de la lactancia materna. Prevalencia y tendencias de la lactancia materna en el mundo y en España. En: Asociación Española de Pediatría. MONOGRAFÍA Nº5 Guía de Lactancia para profesionales. (pp. 31-45). Madrid: AEP.
Horta, B.L., Bas A., Bhargava, S.K., Fall, C.H.D, Feranil, A, et al. (2013) Infant Feeding and School Attainment in Five Cohorts from Low- and Middle-Income Countries. PLOS ONE 8(8): e71548. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071548
INE (2010) Encuesta de Empleo del Tiempo 2009-2010. Avance de resultados https://www.ine.es/prensa/np606.pdf
INE (2017) Encuesta Nacional de Salud https://acortar.link/eCH3TQ INE (2021) Encuesta Continua de Hogares. Año 2020
https://www.ine.es/prensa/ech_2020.pdf
INE (2023) Encuesta de Población Activa. Datos anuales https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=4942&L=0
Jurado-Guerrero, T., y Muñoz-Comet, J. (2021). Design matters most: Changing social gaps in the use of fathers’ leave in Spain. Population Research and Policy Review, 40(2), 589–615 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-020-09592-w
Karila, K. (2012), A Nordic Perspective on Early Childhood Education and Care Policy,
European Journal of Education, Part I. (47), 584-595.
Kramer, M.S., Kakuma, R. (2002). Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library (Issue 1). Oxford: Update Software.
Martin Palomo, M.T. (2010) Los cuidados en las familias. Estudio a partir de tres generaciones de mujeres en Andalucía. Instituto de Estadística de Andalucía.
Martínez-Pastor, J. I, Jurado-Guerrero, T., Fernández-Lozano, I., y Castellanos-Serrano, C. (2022).Caring Fathers in Europe: Toward Universal Caregiver Families?” Gender, Work & Organization: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12948.
Nuño Gómez, L. (2008) La incorporación de las mujeres al espacio público y la ruptura parcial de la división sexual del trabajo: el tratamiento de la conciliación de la vida familiar y laboral y sus consecuencias en la igualdad de género, Tesis Doctoral UCM.
OMS (2003). Estrategia Mundial para la Alimentación del Lactante y el Niño Pequeño. Ginebra: Biblioteca de la OMS. Pediatrics March 2012, 129 (3) e827-e841; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-355
Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J.A., White, B.A., Ou, S.R., y D. L. Robertson (2011), Age 26 Cost- Benefit Analysis of the Child-Parent Center Early Education Program, Child Development, 82 (1), 379–404.
Romero-Balsas, P. (2014) El uso social del permiso de paternidad en España, Tesis Doctoral, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
Ruhm, C.J., Waldfogel, J. (2012) Long-term effects of early childhood care and education. Nordic Econonomic Policy Review 1, 23–51.
Schroeder, C. y Gordon, B. (1991). Assessment and treatment of childhood problems. A clinician´s guide. New York: The Guilford Press.
Sørensen, H. J., Mortensen, E. L., Reinisch, J. M. & Mednick, S. A. (2005). Breastfeeding and risk of schizophrenia in the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112(1), 26-29.
Staab, S. (2015) Gender equality, child development and job creation: How to reap the‘triple dividend’ from early childhood education and care services, UN Women.
Stock, L., Corlyon, J., Castellanos-Serrano, C. y Gieve, M. (2014) Personal Relationships and Poverty. An Evidence and Policy Review, Tavistock Institute of Human Relations.
Strazdins, L., Obrien,L., Lucas, N y Rodgers, B. (2013). Combining work and family: Rewards or risks for children´s mental health? Social science & medicine, 87, 99-107.
Theurich, M. A.; Davanzo, R.; Busck-Rasmussen, M.; Díaz-Gómez, N. M.; Brennan, C.,Kylberg, E.; Bærug, A.; McHugh, L.; Weikert, C.; Abraham, K.; Koletzko, B. (2019) Breastfeeding Rates and Programs in Europe: A Survey of 11 National Breastfeeding Committees and Representatives. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 68(3): pp 400-407,DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000002234
Van Huizen, T., y Plantenga, J. (2018). Do children benefit from universal early childhood education and care? A meta-analysis of evidence from natural experiments. Economics of Education Review, 66, 206–222.
Yaque, M., Castillo, E., Praena, M., Sancho, C., Fernández, A., Herrera, C., Estévanez, E., Estrada, J., Chaves, C. y Ruiz-Canela, J. (2000). Factores relacionados con el inicio de la lactancia materna en nuestro medio. Revista de Pediatría Atención Primaria, 2(5), 35-46.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
-
Abstract704
-
PDF (Español)436
Issue
Section
License
Copyright is the right exercised by the creator over his/her literary and artistic work. The owner of the copyright is, as a rule, the person who creates the work, which is to say the author. In Copyright Law, the author is considered to be “the natural person who creates a literary, artistic or scientific piece of work”. Although in principle it is only natural or physical persons who may be considered to be authors, the law foresaw certain cases in which legal persons could also benefit from these rights.
Authorship is irrevocable; it may not be transmitted either inter vivos or in the form of a testamentary trust; it does not disappear with the passage of time nor is it public domain; it is not subject to the statute of limitations.
Copyright Law has a dual nature; it covers moral rights (paternity, integrity, dissemination…), and property rights (reproduction, distribution, public communication, transformation):
Moral rights (article 14 of the Spanish Copyright Law). These refer to acknowledgement of authorship. They are irrevocable and inalienable and correspond to the right to:
- Decide whether his/her work is to be disseminated and how.
- Acknowledge authorship of the work.
- Demand respect for the integrity of the work.
- Modify the work while being respectful of the rights acquired.
- Withdraw the work from sale, without prejudice to compensation for damages to the owners of the right of use.
- Access the single,unique copy of the work that is held by a third party
Property rights (articles 18 to 25 of the Spanish Copyright Law). They refer to the four types of right of use. They allow the owner of the work to obtain financial compensation for the third-party use of his/her work:
- Reproduction: obtaining of copies of all or part of the work.
- Distribution: the public availability of the work through its sale, rental, loan or by any other means.
- Public Communication: action through which a group of people may have access to the work.
- Transformation: the translation, adaptation and any other modification of the work, leading, or not, to new work derived from it.
Make a Submission
Language
Information
Keywords
