Financiarización Periférica y Desindustrialización Prematura: Una Teoría y el Caso de Brasil (2003-2015)

Autores/as

  • José Luis Oreiro Associate Professor at Economics Department of University of Brasília (UnB), Researcher at National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Associate Researcher at Center for Studies of New Developmentalism (CND) of Getúlio Vargas Foundation of São Paulo (FGV-SP) and Researcher Leader of the Group Structuralist Development Macroeconomics at University of Brasilia.
  • Carmem Aparecida Feijó Full Professor at Faculty of Economics of Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Researcher at National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and Associate Researcher at Center for Studies of New Developmentalism (CND) of Getúlio Vargas Foundation of São Paulo (FGV-SP), coordinator of the Financialization and Development Study Group (FINDE/UFF).
  • Lionello Franco Punzo Full Professor at Department of Economics and Statistics of Siena University (UniSi), Member of the Tourism Sustainability Group at EC/DG Enterprise and Member of the Center for Studies about Inequality and Development at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).
  • João Pedro Heringer Machado Researcher in the “Structuralist Development Macroeconomics” Group at University of Brasilia.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7203/IREP.6.2.30131

Resumen

El objetivo principal de este artículo es discutir el concepto de financiarización en las economías en desarrollo, argumentando que la definición amplia de financiarización —entendida como un papel creciente de las motivaciones, mercados e instituciones financieras en el funcionamiento de las economías nacionales e internacionales— no considera características importantes de estas economías, como la jerarquía de las monedas y la subordinación a los principios del llamado Consenso de Washington. Este último impuso la adopción de un modelo de crecimiento basado en ahorro externo, aplicado principalmente a los países de América Latina. Por lo tanto, el proceso de financiarización en los países en desarrollo se denominará financiarización periférica, ya que está asociado con la dependencia de los flujos de capital de los países desarrollados y con la reducción de la autonomía de sus políticas macroeconómicas, incluso dentro de regímenes de tipo de cambio flexible.

La atracción de flujos de capital hacia países con una posición subordinada en los mercados financieros internacionales requiere diferenciales altos de tasas de interés, lo que tiene como efecto secundario una tendencia a la sobrevaloración de los tipos de cambio reales. Esto crea una trampa: tasas de interés altas asociadas a un tipo de cambio sobrevalorado. Esta trampa reduce el espacio de política económica, volviendo procíclica incluso la política fiscal. Además, la sobrevaloración del tipo de cambio real reduce la competitividad en precios de la industria manufacturera, convirtiéndose en el principal impulsor de la desindustrialización prematura en estos países.

Se demostrará que el desempeño macroeconómico de la economía brasileña en el período 2003-2015 encaja casi perfectamente en este modelo de financiarización periférica.

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Publicado

2024-12-26

Cómo citar

Oreiro, J. L., Aparecida Feijó, C., Franco Punzo, L., & Heringer Machado, J. P. (2024). Financiarización Periférica y Desindustrialización Prematura: Una Teoría y el Caso de Brasil (2003-2015). International Review of Economic Policy-Revista Internacional De Política Económica, 6(2), 38–58. https://doi.org/10.7203/IREP.6.2.30131
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