Equal opportunities and educational inclusion in Spain
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7203/relieve.25.2.14351Keywords:
Equality of opportunity, Educational inclusion, PISA 2015, Academic resilience, Social and emotional resilience, Personalization of teachingAbstract
There is a growing international consensus that considers equity as a necessary, though not sufficient, characteristic of the quality of education systems. PISA 2015 has established two fundamental pillars of equity: equal opportunities and educational inclusion. Regarding equal opportunities, the OECD has chosen to distinguish the influences on students from the circumstances, on the one hand, and the effort, on the other. Of the first the student would not be responsible; of the second if it would be, by virtue of their individual choices. Regarding educational inclusion, it has established a distinction between academic inclusion and social inclusion. The present work is based on that same conceptual framework, but it enriches the indicators of equality of opportunities through indexes of processes that would improve the results of the students operating on their circumstances from the school environment. From the samples of Spain and its seventeen autonomous communities in PISA 2015, this work makes the measurement of a broad set of indicators and analyzes the relationships between them. From this broad set of empirical results, it draws relevant consequences for the improvement of the education system in Spain and its autonomous communities in terms of equity
References
Ainsworth, M. E., & Batten, E. J. (1974). The Effects of Environmental Factors on Secondary Attainment in Manchester. A Plowder Follow-up. Londres: MacMillan.
Baillon, R. (1991). La bonne école. Evaluation et choix du collège et du Lycée. Paris: Hatier.
Bernal, A., González Torres, M. C. & Naval, C. (2015). La educación del carácter. Perspectivas internacionales. Participación educativa. Segunda Época, 4(6), 35- 45. doi: https://doi.org/10.4438/1886-5097-PE
BIAC (2016). Business Priorities for Education. A BIAC Discussion Paper. Retrieved from: http://biac.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/16-06-BIAC-Business-Priorities- for-Education1.pdf
Brun, J., & Rhein, C. (eds.) (1994). La ségrégation dans la ville. Concepts et mesures. Paris: L´Harmattan.
Castro, M., Expósito-Casas, E., López-Martín, E., Lizasoain, L., Navarro-Asencio. E. & Gaviria, J. L. (2014). Evaluación del impacto de la participación familiar sobre la competencia matemática en PISA 2012. Un estudio internacional comparado. En Consejo Escolar del Estado (2014). La participación de las familias en la educación escolar. Madrid: Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. doi: https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2196.1288
Castro, M., Expósito-Casas, E., López-Martín, E., Lizasoain, L., Navarro-Asencio. E. & Gaviria, J. L. (2015). Parental involvement on student academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 14, 33–46. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2015.01.002
CEOE (2017). La educación importa. Libro blanco de los empresarios españoles. Madrid: Confederación Española de Organizaciones Empresariales.
CERI-OECD (2015). Fostering and Measuring Skills: Improving Cognitive and Non- Cognitive Skills to Promote Lifetime Success. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi: https:// doi.org/10.1787/5jxsr7vr78f7-en
Character Education Partnership (2008). Performance Values: Why They Matter and What Schools Can Do to Foster their Development. Retrieved from: http://www.character.org
Consejo Escolar del Estado (2014). La participación de las familias en la educación escolar. Madrid: Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte.
Departamento de Educación de los Estados Unidos (2013). Promoting Grit, Tenacity, and Perseverance: Critical Factors for Success in the 21st Century. Washington D. C.: Office of Educational Technology.
Downer, D. F. (1991). Review of Research on Effective Schools. McGill Journal of Education, 26(3), 323-331. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(91)90028-K
Dunkin, M.J. (1986). Research on teaching in higher education. In M. C. Wittrock (ed.), Handbook of research on teaching (AERA) (pp. 754-777). New York - Londres: MacMillan, 3.ª edición.
Forquin, J. C. (1990). La sociologie des inégalités d'éducation. Principales orientations, principaux résultats depuis 1965. In Sociologie de l'éducation. Dix ans de recherches. Paris: INRP, L'Harmattan.
Fox, A. S., Oler J. A., Shackman, A. J., Shelton, S. E., Raveendran, M., McKay, D. R., Converse, A. K., … Kalin, N. H. (2015, July 21). Intergenerational neural mediators of early-life anxious temperament. PNAS, p. 9118-9122. doi : http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508593112
Fraser, E. (1959). Home Environment and the School. Londres: University of London Press.
Fraser, B. J., Walberg, H. J., Welch, W. & Hattie, J. (1987). Syntheses of Educational productivity research. International Journal of Educational Research, 11(2), 145-252. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-0355(87)90035-8
Grisay, A. (1982). Des indicateurs d’efficacité pour les établissements. Education et formation, 22.
Gorard, S. (1998). The Missing Impact of Marketization. School Leadership and Management, 17 (3), 437-438.
Harris, J. R. (2003). El mito de la educación. Barcelona: Debolsillo.
Hattie, J. A. & Timperley, H. (2007). The Power of Feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77, 81-112. doi: https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298487
Hattie, J. (2017). 'Aprendizaje visible' para profesores. Maximizando el impacto del aprendizaje. Madrid: Paraninfo.
Inspección de Educación (2008). Informe sobre la evaluación realizada por la Inspección Educativa de los Programas de Mejora de los centros acogidos al Plan de mejora de la calidad de la educación en centros públicos prioritarios. Documento de trabajo n.º 30. Comunidad de Madrid: Consejería de Educación.
Kairamo, K. (1989). Education for Life. A European Strategy. London: Butterworths & Round Table of European Industries.
Kanbur, R. & Wagstaff, A. (2014). How Useful Is Inequality of Opportunity as a Policy Construct? Policy Research Working Paper 6980. Development Research Group Human Development and Public Services Team July 2014. World Bank Group. doi: https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6980
Lieberson, S. (1981). An asymmetrical approach to segregation. In C. Peach (Ed.), Ethnic segregation in cities. Londres: Croom-Helm.
Lickona, T. & Davidson, M. (2005). Smart & Good High Schools. Integrating excellence and ethics for success in school, work, and beyond. Cortland, N.Y.: Center for the 4th and 5th Rs (Respect & Responsibility). Washington, D. C.: Character Education Partnership.
López López, E. (2006). El mastery learning a la luz de la investigación educativa. Revista de Educación, 340, 625-665.
López Rupérez, F., Brincones, I., Garrote, R., Palacios, C., Santín, C. & Toves, M. D. (1984). Proyecto de Enseñanza Individualizada de Ciencias Experimentales. Análisis de una experiencia. Enseñanza de las Ciencias, 1(2), 3-14.
López Rupérez, F. (1995). La libertad de elección en educación. Madrid: Fundación para los Análisis y los Estudios Sociales.
López Rupérez, F. (2008). La Educación Pública Prioritaria de la Comunidad de Madrid y el reto de la integración de la población socialmente desfavorecida. En Políticas educativas para la cohesión social (pp. 319-352). Madrid: Fundación Europea Sociedad y Educación & Comunidad de Madrid. Consejería de Educación.
López Rupérez, F. & García García, I. (2017). Valores y éxito escolar ¿Qué nos dice PISA 2015? Madrid: Universidad Camilo José Cela. Retrieved from https://www.ucjc.edu/wp-content/uploads/valoresyexito_171116.pdf
López Rupérez, F., García García, I. & Expósito-Casas, E. (2018a). PISA 2015 y las Comunidades Autónomas. Diagnósticos empíricos y políticas de mejora. Madrid: Universidad Camilo José Cela. Retrieved from https://www.ucjc.edu/wp-content/uploads/pisa2015_ccaa.pdf
López Rupérez, F., García García, I. & Expósito-Casas, E. (2018b). Educational Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Equity in Spanish Regions: What Does PISA 2015 Reveal? Orbis scholae, 12(2), 9-36.
Marina, J.A. (1997). El misterio de la voluntad perdida. Barcelona: Anagrama.
Méndez, I. (2014). Factores determinantes del rendimiento en resolución de problemas. En PISA 2012. Resolución de problemas de la vida real. Resultados de Matemáticas y Lectura por ordenador. Informe Español, Análisis secundarios. Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Evaluación Educativa.
Méndez, I., Zamarro, G., García Clavel, J. & Hitt, C. (2015). Habilidades no cognitivas y diferencias de rendimiento en PISA 2009 entre las Comunidades Autónomas españolas. Participación Educativa, 2.ª época, 4(6), 51-61.
Miller, G. W. (1971). Educational opportunity and the home. Londres: Longman.
Mourshed, M., Krawitz, M. & Dorn, E. (2017). How to improve student educational outcomes: New insights from data analytics. Retrieved from: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/social-sector/our-insights/how-to-improve-student-educational-outcomes-new-insights-from-data-analytics
Murillo, F.J. & Martínez-Garrido, C. (2018). Magnitud de la segregación escolar por nivel socioeconómico en España y sus Comunidades Autónomas y comparación con los países de la Unión Europea. Revista de Sociología de la Educación (RASE), 11(1)1, 37-58. doi: https://doi.org/10.7203/RASE.11.1.10129.
Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy, state and utopia, New York: Basic Books. OCDE (1994). L´école une affaire de choix. Paris: OECD Publishing.
OECD (2016a). PISA 2015 Results. Excellence and equity in education. Vol. I. Paris: OECD Publishing. Retrieved from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/pisa-2015-results-volume-i_9789264266490-en
OECD (2016b). PISA 2015 Assessment and Analytical Framework: Science, Reading, Mathematic and Financial Literacy. PISA. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264255425-en
OECD (2016c). PISA 2015 Results (Volume II): Policies and Practices for Successful Schools. PISA. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi: http://doi.org/10.1787/9789264267510-en
OECD (2017). School choice and school vouchers: An OECD perspective. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/education/School-choice-and-school-vouchers-an-OECD-perspective.pdf
OECD (2018). Equity in Education: Breaking Down Barriers to Social Mobility. PISA. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264073234-en
Perrenoud, P. (1970). Stratification socio-culturelle et réussite scolaire: les défaillances de l'explicacion causal. Geneve: Droz.
Pitzer, J., & Skinner, E. (2016), Predictors of changes in students’ motivational resilience over the school year: The roles of teacher support, self-appraisals, and emotional reactivity. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41(1), 15-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025416642051
Plowden Raport (1967). Children and their Primary Schools. Central Advisory Council for education. London: HMSO.
Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ricard, N. C. & Pelletier, L. G. (2016). Dropping out of high school: The role of parent and teacher self-determination support, reciprocal friendships and academic motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 44-45, 32-40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2015.12.003
Roemer J. E. (1998). Equality of Opportunity. Harvard University Press.
Roemer, J. E. & Trannoy, A. (2013). Equality of opportunity. In A.B. Atkinson, & F. Bourguignon, (2015). Handbook of Income Distribution. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59428- 0.00005-9
UNESCO (2004). Education for All. The Quality Imperative. EFA Global Monitoring Report 2005. Paris: UNESCO.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The authors grant non-exclusive rights of exploitation of works published to RELIEVE and consent to be distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial Use 4.0 International License (CC-BY-NC 4.0), which allows third parties to use the published material whenever the authorship of the work and the source of publication is mentioned, and it is used for non-commercial purposes.
The authors can reach other additional and independent contractual agreements, for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (for example, by including it in an institutional repository or publishing it in a book), as long as it is clearly stated that the Original source of publication is this magazine.
Authors are encouraged to disseminate their work after it has been published, through the internet (for example, in institutional archives online or on its website) which can generate interesting exchanges and increase work appointments.
The fact of sending your paper to RELIEVE implies that you accept these conditions.