Equal opportunities and educational inclusion in Spain

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7203/relieve.25.2.14351

Keywords:

Equality of opportunity, Educational inclusion, PISA 2015, Academic resilience, Social and emotional resilience, Personalization of teaching

Abstract

There is a growing international consensus that considers equity as a necessary, though not sufficient, characteristic of the quality of education systems. PISA 2015 has established two fundamental pillars of equity: equal opportunities and educational inclusion. Regarding equal opportunities, the OECD has chosen to distinguish the influences on students from the circumstances, on the one hand, and the effort, on the other. Of the first the student would not be responsible; of the second if it would be, by virtue of their individual choices. Regarding educational inclusion, it has established a distinction between academic inclusion and social inclusion. The present work is based on that same conceptual framework, but it enriches the indicators of equality of opportunities through indexes of processes that would improve the results of the students operating on their circumstances from the school environment. From the samples of Spain and its seventeen autonomous communities in PISA 2015, this work makes the measurement of a broad set of indicators and analyzes the relationships between them. From this broad set of empirical results, it draws relevant consequences for the improvement of the education system in Spain and its autonomous communities in terms of equity

Author Biographies

Francisco López Rupérez, Camilo José Cela University

School of Education, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain. Director of the Chair of Education Policy in the School of Education at Camilo José Cela University (Madrid, Spain). He received his Ph D. from the Complutense University of Madrid. He has been General Director, Deputy Minister of Education of Spain and President of the National Council for Education. His research has been focused on the fields of physics, science education and education policies

Eva Expósito Casas, UNED

School of Education at National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain. Assistant Professor at the Department of Methods of Research and Diagnosis in Education II in the School of Education at National University of Distance Education (Spain). She received her PhD. from The Complutense University of Madrid. Her research focuses broadly on the field of psychometrics and educational assessment, with a particular interest in methodological questions in large-scale educational assessments

Isabel García García, Camilo José Cela University

School of Education, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain. Isabel García García is Professor of Mathematics, holds a degree in Mathematics from the Universidad Complutense (Madrid, Spain). She has been Head of Unit at the National Council for Education and technical advisor at the Council for Education of the Region of Madrid. She has issued some technical studies related to education and teaching materials related to Mathematics.

References

Ainsworth, M. E., & Batten, E. J. (1974). The Effects of Environmental Factors on Secondary Attainment in Manchester. A Plowder Follow-up. Londres: MacMillan.

Baillon, R. (1991). La bonne école. Evaluation et choix du collège et du Lycée. Paris: Hatier.

Bernal, A., González Torres, M. C. & Naval, C. (2015). La educación del carácter. Perspectivas internacionales. Participación educativa. Segunda Época, 4(6), 35- 45. doi: https://doi.org/10.4438/1886-5097-PE 

BIAC (2016). Business Priorities for Education. A BIAC Discussion Paper. Retrieved from: http://biac.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/16-06-BIAC-Business-Priorities- for-Education1.pdf

Brun, J., & Rhein, C. (eds.) (1994). La ségrégation dans la ville. Concepts et mesures. Paris: L´Harmattan.

Castro, M., Expósito-Casas, E., López-Martín, E., Lizasoain, L., Navarro-Asencio. E. & Gaviria, J. L. (2014). Evaluación del impacto de la participación familiar sobre la competencia matemática en PISA 2012. Un estudio internacional comparado. En Consejo Escolar del Estado (2014). La participación de las familias en la educación escolar. Madrid: Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. doi: https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2196.1288

Castro, M., Expósito-Casas, E., López-Martín, E., Lizasoain, L., Navarro-Asencio. E. & Gaviria, J. L. (2015). Parental involvement on student academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 14, 33–46. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2015.01.002

CEOE (2017). La educación importa. Libro blanco de los empresarios españoles. Madrid: Confederación Española de Organizaciones Empresariales.

CERI-OECD (2015). Fostering and Measuring Skills: Improving Cognitive and Non- Cognitive Skills to Promote Lifetime Success. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi: https:// doi.org/10.1787/5jxsr7vr78f7-en

Character Education Partnership (2008). Performance Values: Why They Matter and What Schools Can Do to Foster their Development. Retrieved from: http://www.character.org 

Consejo Escolar del Estado (2014). La participación de las familias en la educación escolar. Madrid: Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte.

Departamento de Educación de los Estados Unidos (2013). Promoting Grit, Tenacity, and Perseverance: Critical Factors for Success in the 21st Century. Washington D. C.: Office of Educational Technology.

Downer, D. F. (1991). Review of Research on Effective Schools. McGill Journal of Education, 26(3), 323-331. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(91)90028-K

Dunkin, M.J. (1986). Research on teaching in higher education. In M. C. Wittrock (ed.), Handbook of research on teaching (AERA) (pp. 754-777). New York - Londres: MacMillan, 3.ª edición.

Forquin, J. C. (1990). La sociologie des inégalités d'éducation. Principales orientations, principaux résultats depuis 1965. In Sociologie de l'éducation. Dix ans de recherches. Paris: INRP, L'Harmattan.

Fox, A. S., Oler J. A., Shackman, A. J., Shelton, S. E., Raveendran, M., McKay, D. R., Converse, A. K., … Kalin, N. H. (2015, July 21). Intergenerational neural mediators of early-life anxious temperament. PNAS, p. 9118-9122. doi : http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508593112

Fraser, E. (1959). Home Environment and the School. Londres: University of London Press.

Fraser, B. J., Walberg, H. J., Welch, W. & Hattie, J. (1987). Syntheses of Educational productivity research. International Journal of Educational Research, 11(2), 145-252. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-0355(87)90035-8

Grisay, A. (1982). Des indicateurs d’efficacité pour les établissements. Education et formation, 22.

Gorard, S. (1998). The Missing Impact of Marketization. School Leadership and Management, 17 (3), 437-438.

Harris, J. R. (2003). El mito de la educación. Barcelona: Debolsillo.

Hattie, J. A. & Timperley, H. (2007). The Power of Feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77, 81-112. doi: https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298487

Hattie, J. (2017). 'Aprendizaje visible' para profesores. Maximizando el impacto del aprendizaje. Madrid: Paraninfo.

Inspección de Educación (2008). Informe sobre la evaluación realizada por la Inspección Educativa de los Programas de Mejora de los centros acogidos al Plan de mejora de la calidad de la educación en centros públicos prioritarios. Documento de trabajo n.º 30. Comunidad de Madrid: Consejería de Educación.

Kairamo, K. (1989). Education for Life. A European Strategy. London: Butterworths & Round Table of European Industries.

Kanbur, R. & Wagstaff, A. (2014). How Useful Is Inequality of Opportunity as a Policy Construct? Policy Research Working Paper 6980. Development Research Group Human Development and Public Services Team July 2014. World Bank Group. doi: https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6980

Lieberson, S. (1981). An asymmetrical approach to segregation. In C. Peach (Ed.), Ethnic segregation in cities. Londres: Croom-Helm.

Lickona, T. & Davidson, M. (2005). Smart & Good High Schools. Integrating excellence and ethics for success in school, work, and beyond. Cortland, N.Y.: Center for the 4th and 5th Rs (Respect & Responsibility). Washington, D. C.: Character Education Partnership.

López López, E. (2006). El mastery learning a la luz de la investigación educativa. Revista de Educación, 340, 625-665.

López Rupérez, F., Brincones, I., Garrote, R., Palacios, C., Santín, C. & Toves, M. D. (1984). Proyecto de Enseñanza Individualizada de Ciencias Experimentales. Análisis de una experiencia. Enseñanza de las Ciencias, 1(2), 3-14.

López Rupérez, F. (1995). La libertad de elección en educación. Madrid: Fundación para los Análisis y los Estudios Sociales.

López Rupérez, F. (2008). La Educación Pública Prioritaria de la Comunidad de Madrid y el reto de la integración de la población socialmente desfavorecida. En Políticas educativas para la cohesión social (pp. 319-352). Madrid: Fundación Europea Sociedad y Educación & Comunidad de Madrid. Consejería de Educación.

López Rupérez, F. & García García, I. (2017). Valores y éxito escolar ¿Qué nos dice PISA 2015? Madrid: Universidad Camilo José Cela. Retrieved from https://www.ucjc.edu/wp-content/uploads/valoresyexito_171116.pdf

López Rupérez, F., García García, I. & Expósito-Casas, E. (2018a). PISA 2015 y las Comunidades Autónomas. Diagnósticos empíricos y políticas de mejora. Madrid: Universidad Camilo José Cela. Retrieved from https://www.ucjc.edu/wp-content/uploads/pisa2015_ccaa.pdf

López Rupérez, F., García García, I. & Expósito-Casas, E. (2018b). Educational Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Equity in Spanish Regions: What Does PISA 2015 Reveal? Orbis scholae, 12(2), 9-36.

Marina, J.A. (1997). El misterio de la voluntad perdida. Barcelona: Anagrama.

Méndez, I. (2014). Factores determinantes del rendimiento en resolución de problemas. En PISA 2012. Resolución de problemas de la vida real. Resultados de Matemáticas y Lectura por ordenador. Informe Español, Análisis secundarios. Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Evaluación Educativa.

Méndez, I., Zamarro, G., García Clavel, J. & Hitt, C. (2015). Habilidades no cognitivas y diferencias de rendimiento en PISA 2009 entre las Comunidades Autónomas españolas. Participación Educativa, 2.ª época, 4(6), 51-61.

Miller, G. W. (1971). Educational opportunity and the home. Londres: Longman.

Mourshed, M., Krawitz, M. & Dorn, E. (2017). How to improve student educational outcomes: New insights from data analytics. Retrieved from: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/social-sector/our-insights/how-to-improve-student-educational-outcomes-new-insights-from-data-analytics  

Murillo, F.J. & Martínez-Garrido, C. (2018). Magnitud de la segregación escolar por nivel socioeconómico en España y sus Comunidades Autónomas y comparación con los países de la Unión Europea. Revista de Sociología de la Educación (RASE), 11(1)1, 37-58. doi: https://doi.org/10.7203/RASE.11.1.10129.

Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy, state and utopia, New York: Basic Books. OCDE (1994). L´école une affaire de choix. Paris: OECD Publishing.

OECD (2016a). PISA 2015 Results. Excellence and equity in education. Vol. I. Paris: OECD Publishing. Retrieved from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/pisa-2015-results-volume-i_9789264266490-en

OECD (2016b). PISA 2015 Assessment and Analytical Framework: Science, Reading, Mathematic and Financial Literacy. PISA. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264255425-en

OECD (2016c). PISA 2015 Results (Volume II): Policies and Practices for Successful Schools. PISA. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi: http://doi.org/10.1787/9789264267510-en

OECD (2017). School choice and school vouchers: An OECD perspective. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/education/School-choice-and-school-vouchers-an-OECD-perspective.pdf  

OECD (2018). Equity in Education: Breaking Down Barriers to Social Mobility. PISA. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi:  https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264073234-en   

Perrenoud, P. (1970). Stratification socio-culturelle et réussite scolaire: les défaillances de l'explicacion causal. Geneve: Droz.

Pitzer, J., & Skinner, E. (2016), Predictors of changes in students’ motivational resilience over the school year: The roles of teacher support, self-appraisals, and emotional reactivity. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41(1), 15-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025416642051

Plowden Raport (1967). Children and their Primary Schools. Central Advisory Council for education. London: HMSO.

Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Ricard, N. C. & Pelletier, L. G. (2016). Dropping out of high school: The role of parent and teacher self-determination support, reciprocal friendships and academic motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 44-45, 32-40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2015.12.003

Roemer J. E. (1998). Equality of Opportunity. Harvard University Press.

Roemer, J. E. & Trannoy, A. (2013). Equality of opportunity. In A.B. Atkinson, & F. Bourguignon, (2015). Handbook of Income Distribution. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59428- 0.00005-9

UNESCO (2004). Education for All. The Quality Imperative. EFA Global Monitoring Report 2005. Paris: UNESCO.

Published

2019-12-29

Issue

Section

Research Articles