Are this times of plague?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7203/eutopias.24.25533Keywords:
Poverty, pandemics, Anthropocene, health determinants
Abstract
Pandemics have existed since the dawn of humanity as a result of the space that is shared between microorganisms and humans. A series of determinants, such as poverty, ignorance and lack of hygiene favored them then and, today, these circumstances continue to exist in many countries. In the present study, three pandemics are reviewed to exemplify their causes at each time —also the successes— and to be able to reflect on the reasons for the current pandemics. But, in addition, at the present time there are other reasons that favor them, such as overpopulation, environmental aggression and the speed of international travel. The magnitude of these new determinants have led to the change of geological era in the course of a few thousand years, having opened the way to the Anthropocene. Its consequences can be analyzed disease by disease, but for scholars it must be understood as a whole, a paradigm shift in what we understand as health and that will lead to unpredictable consequences if measures are not taken in time.
Downloads
Author Biography
Jorge Alvar
References
Aberth, John. From the brink of the apocalypse: confronting famine, war, plague, and death in the later Middle Ages. New York: Routledge, 2001.
Adler, Hugh; Gould, Susan; Haine, Paul et al. «Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK». Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;3099(22):1-10. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00228-6.
Alvar Ezquerra, Alfredo et al. La Historia en Tiempos de Pandemia. Madrid: La esfera de los libros, 2022, pp. 11-22.
Asayama, Shinichiro; Emori, Seita; Sugiyama, Masahiro et al. «Are we ignoring a black elephant in the Anthropocene? Climate change and global pandemic as the crisis in health and equality». Sustain Sci. 16, 2021, pp. 695–701. doi:10.1007/s11625-020-00879-7.
Balmis, Francisco Javer. Tratado histórico y práctico de la vacuna, de J. L. Moreau. 1803. Valencia: Edicions Alfons El Magnànim, 1987.
Beer, Ellen M. & Rao, V. Bhargavi. «A systematic review of the epidemiology of human monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy». PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 13(10):e0007791, 2019, pp. 1-20. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007791.
Bingham, Paul; Verlander, N. Q. & Cheal M. J. «John Snow, William Farr and the 1849 outbreak of cholera that affected London: a reworking of the data highlights the importance of the water supply». Public Health 118, 2004, pp. 387-94.
Brenner, Ian. «How will the world be different after COVID-19?». Finance & Development, June 2020. https://www.imf.org/Publications/fandd/issues/2020/06/how-will-the-world-be-different-after-COVID-19
Brown, Sam P.; West, Stuart A.; Diggle, Stephen P. & Griffin, Ashleigh S. «Social evolution in micro-organisms and a Trojan horse approach to medical intervention strategies». Phil Trans R Soc B, 364, 2009, pp. 3157–3168, doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0055.
Brugueras, Silvia; Fernández-Martínez, Beatriz; Martínez-de la Puente, Josué, et al. «Environmental drivers, climate change and emergent diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and their vectors in southern Europe: A systematic review». Environmental Res, 191:110038, 2020.
Centers for Diseases Control. 2014–2016 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa. https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/history/2014-2016-outbreak/index.html
Fears, J. Rufus. «The plague under Marcus Aurelius and the decline and fall of the Roman Empire». Infect Dis Clin North Am, 18:65/77, 2004.
Global Forest Watch, 2020 https://www.wri.org/initiatives/global-forest-watch
Hughet G. National Geographic. Historia, 2020. https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/grandes-pandemias-historia_15178.
Jones, Kate E.; Patel, Nikkita G.; Levy, Marc A. et al. «Global trends in emerging infectious diseases». Nature, 451(7181), 2008, pp. 990-993.
Lindahl, Johanna F. & Delia, Grace. «The consequences of human actions on risks for infectious diseases: a review». Infection Ecology & Epidemiology, 5:1, 2015, doi: 10.3402/iee.v5.30048.
López Piñero, José María. Breve historia de la medicina. Madrir: Alianza (2a edic.), 2017.
Mahler, Daniel G.; Yonzan, Nishant; Lakner, Christoph; Castañeda-Aguilar, R. Andrés & Wu, Haoyu. «Estimates of the impact of COVID-19 on global poverty: Turning the corner on the pandemic in 2021?» WorldBank Data Blog. June 24, 2021.
Muñoz-Sanz, Agustín. «Marco Aurelio Antonino (121-180 d. C.), filósofo y emperador de Roma, y la peste de Galeno». Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 30(9), 2012, pp. 552–559
Petersen, Eskild; Kantele, Anu; Koopmans, Marion et al. «Human Monkeypox». Infect Dis Clin North Am., 33(4), 2019, pp. 1027-1043. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2019.03.001.
Pollitzer R. «Plague studies. 1. A summary of the history and survey of the present distribution of the disease». Bull World Health Org., 4, 1951, pp. 475-533.
Rockström, Johan; Steffen K., Will et al. «Planetary boundaries: Exploring the safe operating space for humanity». Ecol Soc 14(2): 32, 2009.
Sanclemente, Gloria y Correa, Luis Alfonso. «Poxvirus que causan enfermedad en los seres humanos». Rev Asoc Colomb Dermatol. 18, 2010, pp. 67-7.
Spyrou, Maria A.; Musralina, Lyazzat, Gnecchi Ruscone, Guido A et al. «The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia». Nature 606, 718–724 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04800-3.
Tuells, José; Duro Torrijos, José Luis; Díaz-Delgado Ignacio. «Anotaciones a la biografía de Ignacio María Ruiz de Luzuriaga (1763–1822), el inicio de la vacunación contra la viruela en España». Vacunas, 13(3), 2012, pp.128-132. doi:10.1016/S1576-9887(12)70052-3.
Vásquez-Vera, Hugo; León-Gómez Brenda, Biaani; Borrell, Carme, et al. «Inequities in the distribution of COVID-19: an adaptation of WHO’s conceptual framework». Gac Sanit. 2022; 36(5): 488–492.
Waters, Colin N.; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Summerhayes, Colin et al. «The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene». Science, 351(6269):aad2622, 2016.
World Health Assembly, 33 (1980). «Declaration of global eradication of smallpox». https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/155528.
World Health Organization. «Multi-country monkeypox outbreak: situation update», 17 June 2022. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON393
World Health Organization. «WHO Director-General declared the escalating global monkeypox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern», 23 July 2022. https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/23-07-2022-who-director-general-declares-the-ongoing-monkeypox-outbreak-a-public-health-event-of-international-concern
World Health Organization. «2022 Mpox (Monkeypox) Outbreak: Global Trends», 23 December 2022. https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/mpx_global/
Zietz, Björn P. & Dunkelberg, Hartmut. «The history of the plague and the research on the causative agent Yersinia pestis». Int J Hyg Environm Health, 207, 2004, pp.165-178.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
-
Abstract215
-
PDF (Español)124
Issue
Section
License
The authors conserve the copyright. All content published in EU-topías. Journal of interculturality, Communication, and European Studies are subject to the license Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 license. The full text of the license can be found at <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0>
They may be copied, used, disseminated, transmitted and publicly displayed, provided that:
- The authorship and original source of the publication is cited (journal, publisher and URL of the work).
- They are not used for commercial purposes.
- The existence and specifications of this license of use are mentioned.
It is the responsibility of the authors to obtain the necessary permissions for images that are subject to copyright.
Similar Articles
Most read articles by the same author(s)
Make a Submission
Language
Information
Keywords
