Linguistic lawfare against inclusive language in the trenches of X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7203/Just.3.28449Keywords:
non-binary, Catalan, gender neutral, social networks, linguistic empowermentAbstract
Gender-neutral language (GNL) is proposed as a tool to help combat gender bias encoded in traditional language, which reflects androcentric social practices and ideologies. It also allows for the expression of identities beyond the limitations imposed by the rigid structures of binary and cisheteronormative frameworks. Despite its potential, official discourses mostly adhere to conservative agendas, largely ignoring the claims associated with GNL. We argue that, as a result, linguistic disempowerment ensues, marginalizing already oppressed populations and fostering social confrontation. We conducted a reflective thematic analysis of 150 tweets from 2023 and 2024 on the social network X to gauge underlying ideologies.. Our findings reveal a divided response: some voices recognize the value of GNL in promoting visibility silenced identities and expressing a commitment to social equity, while others resist it, echoing official positions based on notions of linguistic authenticity and authoritative legitimacy. Furthermore, despite framing GNL as a linguistic debate, many attitudes seem instead to be using officialdom to reinforce discriminatory practices against gendered identities.
Downloads
References
Académie française. 2017. «Déclaration de l'Académie française sur l'écriture dite "inclusive”». 26 d’octubre de 2017. https://www.academie-francaise.fr/actualites/declaration-de-lacademie-francaise-sur-lecriture-dite-inclusive.
Ajuntament de Barcelona. 2024. Guia de comunicació inclusiva. (Barcelona: Ajuntament de Barcelona), https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/guia-comunicacio-inclusiva/pdf/guiaInclusiva-ca.pdf.
Ansara, Y. Gavriel & Peter Hegarty. 2014. «Methodologies of misgendering: Recommendations for reducing cisgenderism in psychological research». Feminism & Psychology 24 (2): 259–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353514526217.
Arendt, Hannah. 2006. Between past and future. London, UK: Penguin.
Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Asociativismo y Economía Social. 2020. Resolución 900/2020. 900/2020, RESFC-2020-900-APN-DI#INAES. Buenos Aires, AR: República Argentina. https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/236297/20201020.
Argentina. Ministerio de Defensa. 2024. Resolución 160/2024. 160/2024, RESOL-2024-160-APN-MD. Buenos Aires, AR: República Argentina. https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/304017/20240226.
Birken, Maxime. 2023. «Emmanuel Macron tacle l'écritura inclusive lors de l'inauguration de la Cité de la Francophonie». Huffington Post, 30 d'octubre de 2023. https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/politique/video/emmanuel-macron-tacle-l-ecriture-inclusive-lors-de-l-inauguration-de-la-cite-de-la-francophonie_225103.html.
Bonnin, Juan Eduardo & Alejandro Anibal Coronel. 2021. «Attitudes toward gender-neutral Spanish: Acceptability and adoptability». Frontiers in Sociology 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.629616.
Boroditsky, Lera, Lauren A. Schmidt & Webb Phillips. 2003. «Sex, Syntax, and Semantics». En Language in Mind: Advances in the Study of Language and Thought, edició de Dedre Gentner & Susan Goldin-Meadow, 61–79. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Braun, Virginia & Victoria Clarke. 2006. «Using thematic analysis in psychology». Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
Brutt-Griffler, Janina & Sumi Kim. 2018. «In their own voices: Development of English as a gender-neutral language». English Today 34 (1): 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078417000372.
Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender trouble. Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York, NY: Routledge.
Butler, Judith. 2009. «Performatividad, precariedad y políticas sexuales». AIBR 4 (3): 321–336. https://doi.org/10.11156/aibr.040306.
CanalB. 2024. «Ministerio de Defensa de Argentina prohíbe uso del lenguaje inclusivo en las Fuerzas Armadas». CanalB, 28 de febrer de 2024. https://canalb.pe/noticias/politica/ministerio-de-defensa-de-argentina-prohibe-uso-de-lenguaje-inclusivo-en-las-fuerzas-armadas.
Carrère d’Encausse, Hélène & Marc Lambr. 2021. «Lettre ouverte sur l’écriture inclusive». https://www.academie-francaise.fr/actualites/lettre-ouverte-sur-lecriture-inclusive.
Clarke, Victoria & Virginia Braun. 2017. «Thematic analysis». Journal of Positive Psychology 12 (3): 297–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1262613.
Coady, Ann. 2018. «The origin of sexism in language». Gender and Language 12 (3): 271–293. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.31445.
Creese, Angela. 2008. «Linguistic ethnography». En Encyclopedia of language and education, edició de Kendall A. King & Nancy H. Hornberger, 229–241. New York, NY: Springer.
Creese, Angela & Fiona Copland. 1997 (2017). «Linguistic ethnography». En Research methods in language and education. Encyclopedia of Language and Education, edició de Kendall King, Yi-Ju Lai & Stephen May, 339–351. Cham, CH: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02329-8_25-1.
Daussà, Eva J. 2021. «La teva incomoditat és la meva dignitat». En Som dones, som lingüistes, som moltes i diem prou, edició de Carme Junyent, 202–204. Vic, ES: Eumo.
Daussà, Eva J. & Renée Pera-Ros. 2024. «The battle for authority, legitimacy and agency in the Twitter fields of the Catalan gender-neutral linguistic revolution». En Queering language revitalisation: Navigating identity and inclusion among queer speakers of minority languages, edició de John Walsh & Michael Hornsby. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Dovchin, Sender. 2020. «Peripheralized Englishes, social media and (in)authenticity». En Language, social media and ideologies. Translingual Englishes, Facebook and authenticities, 1–10. Cham, CH: Springer.
Duchêne, Alexandre & Monica Heller. 2012. «Language policy in the workplace». En Language policy, edició de Bernard Spolsky, 323–334. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Eckert, Penelope & Sally McConnell-Ginet. 1998. «Communities of Practice: Where language, gender, and power all live». En Language and gender: A reader, edició de Jennifer Coates. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Eckert, Penelope & Sally McConnell-Ginet. 2007. «Putting communities of practice in their place». Gender and Language 1: 27–37.
Erdocia, Iker & Josep Soler. 2022. «Sociolinguists and their publics: Epistemological tension and disciplinary contestation over language in Catalonia». Journal of Sociolinguistics 26 (1): 45–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12530.
Erdocia, Iker & Josep Soler. 2024. «In pursuit of epistemic authority in public intellectual engagement: the case of language and gender». Multilingua 43 (1): 34–34. https://doi.org/10.1515/multi-2023-0115.
Everett, Caleb. 2011. «Gender, pronouns and thought: The ligature between epicene pronouns and a more neutral gender perception». Gender and Language 5 (1): 133–152. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v5i1.133.
Gingins, Lyssia. 2023. «France's Sénat proposes law against inclusive writing to 'protect the French language'». Le Monde, 1 de novembre de 2023. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/politics/article/2023/11/01/france-s-senat-proposes-law-against-inclusive-writing-to-protect-the-french-language_6219088_5.html#.
Gustafsson Sendén, Marie, Emma A. Bäck & Anna Lindqvist. 2015. «Introducing a gender-neutral pronoun in a natural gender language: the influence of time on attitudes and behavior». Frontiers in Psychology 6: Article 893. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00893.
Haugen, Einar. 1961. «Language planning in modern Norway». Scandinavian Studies 33 (2): 68–81.
Hawkey, James W. & Jonathan R. Kasstan. 2015. «Regional and minority languages in France: Policies of homogenization or a move toward heterogeneity? A case study on Francoprovençal». French Review 89 (2): 110–125.
Heller, Monica. 2006. Linguistic minorities and modernity: A sociolinguistic ethnography. London, UK: Longman.
Heller, Monica. 2018. «Socioeconomic junctures, theoretical shifts». En The Oxford handbook of language policy and planning, edició de James W. Tollesfson & Miguel Pérez-Millans, 35–50. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Hornsby, Michael. 2020. «Gender-fair language in a minority setting: The case of Breton». Studia Celtica Posnaniensia 4 (1): 59–74. https://doi.org/10.2478/scp-2019-0004.
Imborek, Katherine L., Nicole L. Nisly, Michael J. Hesseltine, Jana Grienke, Todd A. Zikmund, Nicholas R. Dreyer, John L. Blau, Maia Hightower, Robert M. Humble & Matthew D. Krasowski. 2017. «Preferred names, preferred pronouns, and gender identity in the electronic medical record and laboratory information system: is pathology ready?». Journal of Pathologics Informatics 8 (1): 1–7.
Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC), ed. 2023. Actes de les Jornades de la Secció Filològica de l'Institut d'Estudis Catalans a la Cerdanya (20 i 21 d'octubre de 2022). Barcelona, ES: Institut d'Estudis Catalans.
Iphofen, Ron, ed. 2020. Handbook of research ethics and scientific integrity. Cham, CH: Springer.
Junyent, Carme, ed. 2021. Som dones, som lingüistes, som moltes i diem prou. Vic, ES: Eumo.
Kaufmann, Christiane & Gerd Bohner. 2014. «Masculine generics and gender-aware alternatives in Spanish». IZGOnZeit. Onlinezeitschrift des Interdisziplinären Zentrums für Geschlechterforschung (IZG) 3: 8–17. https://doi.org/10.4119/izgonzeit-1310.
King, Brian. 2019. Communities of practice in language research: A critical introduction. New York, NY: Routledge.
Lippi-Green, Rosina. 1997. English with an accent. New York, NY: Routledge.
López, Ártemis. 2019. «Tú, yo, elle y el lenguaje no binario». La linterna del traductor 19, https://lalinternadeltraductor.org/n19/traducir-lenguaje-no-binario.html.
Marçal, Heura, Fiona Kelso & Mercè Nogués. 2008 (2011). Guia per a l’ús no sexista del llenguatge a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. (Barcelona: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Servei de Llengües i Observatori per a la Igualtat), https://www.uab.cat/doc/llenguatge.
Martin-Jones, Marilyn & Ildegrada da Costa Cabral. 2018. «The critical ethnographic turn in research on language policy and planning». En The Oxford handbook of language policy and planning, edició de James W. Tollefson & Miguel Pérez-Milans, 71–92. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190458898.013.3.
Mélenchon, Jean-Luc. 2023. «Jean-Luc Mélenchon: "Le français est une langue créole et politique”». Le Figaro, 3 de novembre de 2023. https://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-le-francais-est-une-langue-creole-et-politique-20231103.
Milroy, James. 2001. «Language ideologies and the consequences of standardization». Journal of Sociolinguistics 5 (4): 530–555. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00163.
Monzó-Nebot, Esther. 2021. «La representació de la dona en els usos lingüístics. Revisió d’estudis sobre la interacció entre les formes masculines i el biaix de gènere». Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law 76: 141–168. https://doi.org/10.2436/rld.i76.2021.3730.
Monzó-Nebot, Esther & Helen Debussy. 2024. «Implementing gender-fair language in international organizations: Collective illusions and gender bias in translation sections». En Toward Inclusion and Social Justice in Institutional Translation and Interpreting. Revealing Hidden Practices of Exclusion, edició de Esther Monzó-Nebot & María Lomeña Galiano, 97–129. New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003349914-7.
Monzó-Nebot, Esther & Miguel Llanos-Guerrero. 2022. «La traducción y lo lúdico en el cambio social: la traducción inclusiva de Morgane contra una doxa de género dominante». Babel-Revue Internationale de la Traduction-International Journal of Translation 68 (6): 802–838. https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00295.mon.
Moretti, Julia. 2018. «La RAE y el rechazo al lenguaje inclusivo». Letras 7: 25–31.
Moyano, Juan, ed. 2023. Guia gramatical del llenguatge no-binari. 2a ed. Barcelona, ES: Raig verd.
Muhr, Rudolf. 2016. Pluricentric languages and non-dominant varieties worldwide. Berlin, DE: Peter Lang.
Ortega, Rudolf. 2022. «Sobre la i no binària». El País, 18 de novembre de 2022, Brou de Llengua. https://elpais.com/quadern/2022-11-18/sobre-la-i-no-binaria.html#.
Palys, Ted. 2008. «Purposive sampling». En The Sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods, edició de Lisa M. Given, 697–698. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Parra, María Luisa & Ellen J. Serafini. 2021. «!Bienvenidxs todes!: el lenguaje inclusivo desde una perspectiva crítica para las clases de español». Journal of Spanish Language Teaching 8 (2): 143–160.
Popič, Damjan & Vojko Gorjanc. 2018. «Challenges of adopting gender-inclusive language in Slovene». Suvremena Lingvistika 44 (86): 329–350. https://doi.org/10.22210/suvlin.2018.086.07.
Ricento, Thomas. 2000. «Historical and theoretical perspectives in language policy and planning». Journal of Sociolinguistics 4 (2): 196–213.
Sczesny, Sabine, Magda Formanowicz & Franziska Moser. 2016. «Can Gender-Fair Language Reduce Gender Stereotyping and Discrimination?». Frontiers in Psychology 7: 25. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00025.
Serrano, María & Belén Montes. 2022. «Darío Villanueva, sobre el lenguaje inclusivo en la RAE: «La lengua debe ser cuidada, y se le está faltando al respeto»». El Debate, 25 de novembre de 2022. https://www.eldebate.com/cultura/20221125/dario-villanueva-sobre-lenguaje-inclusivo-lengua-cuidada-faltando-respeto_75264.html.
Shoham, Amir & Sang Mook Lee. 2018. «The causal impact of grammatical gender marking on gender wage inequality and country income inequality». Business and Society 57 (6): 1216–1251.
Silva, Gláucia V. & Cristiane Soares. 2024. Inclusiveness beyond the (non)binary in romance languages. Research and classroom implementation. New York: Routledge.
Smith-Christmas, Cassie. 2016. Family language policy: Maintaining an endangered language in the home. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Spolsky, Bernard. 2004. Language policy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Spolsky, Bernard, ed. 2012. The Cambridge handbook of language policy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511979026.
Stahlberg, Dagmar, Friederike Braun, Lisa Irmen & Sabine Sczesny. 2007. «Representation of the sexes in language». En Social Communication, edició de Klaus Fiedler, 163–187. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Stahlberg, Dagmar & Sabine Sczesny. 2001. «Effekte des generischen Maskulinums und alternativer Sprachformen auf den gedanklichen Einbezug von Frauen». Psychologische Rundschau 52 (3): 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1026//0033-3042.52.3.131.
Townsend, Leanne & Claire Wallace. n.d. Social media research: A guide to ethics. (Aberdeen, UK: University of Aberdeen).
Universitat de Barcelona (UB). 2023. «Llenguatge inclusiu». Llibre d’estil (blog), Universitat de Barcelona. https://www.ub.edu/llibre-estil/criteri.php?id=3670.
del Valle, Jose. 2014. «The politics of normativity and globalization: Which Spanish in the classroom?». Modern Language Journal 98 (1): 358–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2014.12066.x.
de Varennes, Fernand. 2012. «Language policy at the supranational level». En Language policy, edició de Bernard Spolsky, 149–173. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Walsh, Olivia. 2016. Linguistic purism: Language attitudes in France and Quebec. Amsterdam, NL: John Benjamins.
Wiemann, Rieke. 2023. «Genderverbot an Schulen: Kampf für Gerechtscheribung». TAZ, 27 de desembre de 2023. https://taz.de/Genderverbot-an-Schulen/!5972029/.
Woolard, Kathryn A. & Susan E. Frekko. 2013. «Catalan in the twenty-first century: Romantic publics and cosmopolitan communities». International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 16 (2): 129–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2012.720663.
Woolard, Kathryn Ann. 2016. Singular and plural. Ideologies of linguistic authority in 21st century Catalonia. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Zimman, Lal. 2018. «Transgender voices: Insights on identity, embodiment, and the gender of the voice». Language and Linguistics Compass 12 (8): article e12284. https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12284.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
-
Abstract145
-
PDF (Català)61
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Eva J. Daussà, Renée Pera-Ros
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license, allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the work in any medium and format for any purpose, even commercially, as long as the material is not transformed, and ensuring that its authorship and initial publication in this journal are credited.
Authors retain copyright and are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) once it has been published, as it can lead to productive exchanges (see The Effect of Open Access). Gender aware practices are advised.