Canada’s language policy-choices and the modernization of the Official Languages Act

Autores i autors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7203/Just.2.25833

Paraules clau:

Canadà, política lingüística, llengües oficials, dades censals, projecte de llei C-13

Resum

L'article analitza algunes de les modificacions principals de la Llei de Llengües Oficials de Canadà que s'aprovaran el 2023. Argumenta que aquestes es basen en la idea que el francés és vulnerable en el context nord-americà, una idea que es confirma amb els resultats publicats en el Cens de 2021 sobre l'anglés i el francés al Canadà. Les modificacions també es guien pel principi d'igualtat substantiva que justifica l'adopció de mesures específiques per a la promoció del francés en sectors com la immigració, els assumptes internacionals, l'educació superior, l'economia i la recerca. Tot i això, l'article mostra que aquestes modificacions no s'aparten completament de l'enfocament més convencional amb què s'aborden les llengües oficials al Canadà, basat en el compromís polític i el federalisme per raons d'unitat nacional. El principi d'igualtat substantiva continua subordinat a la idea que l'anglés i el francés han de rebre un tracte simètric. Finalment, l’article mostra que les esmenes aconsegueixen combinar els principis d’igualtat formal i substantiva. També suggereix que el reconeixement de la igualtat substantiva posarà a prova els límits de l'enfocament més convencional del Canadà respecte a les llengües oficials. En conclusió, l'article reclama més investigació per supervisar l'aplicació d'aquestes esmenes.

Descàrregues

Les dades de descàrrega encara no estan disponibles.

Biografia de l'autora o autor

Linda Cardinal, Unviersité de l'Ontario français

Vice-rectorat à la recherche

Referències

Aunger, Edmund. 2005. “One language and one nationality: The forcible constitution of a unilingual province in a bilingual country, 1870–2005.” In Forging Alberta’s constitutional framework, edited by Richard Connors & John M. Law, 103–135. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.

Caillou, Isabelle. 2020. “L’opposition dénonce l’absence de francophones au sommet de la diplomatie canadienne.” Le Devoir, December 14, 2020. https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/canada/591721/l-opposition-denonce-l-absence-de-francophones-au-sein-de-la-diplomatie-canadienne?utm_medium=Social&utm_campaign=Autopost&utm_source=Facebook&fbclid=IwAR36h_9dNI090WfQI0rpxtljR3uKrMh-JSzjS_MPnuyo9kwzXZuwDTOm6l4#Echobox=1607998273.

Canada. 2011. “Analytical grid (substantive equality).” Ottawa: Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/treasury-board-secretariat/services/values-ethics/official-languages/public-services/analytical-grid-substantive-equality.html.

Canada. 2012. “Bilingualism bonus.” Ottawa: Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/treasury-board-secretariat/services/terms-conditions-employment/bilingualism-bonus.html

Canada. 2019. Indigenous Languages Act S.C. 2019, c. 23. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/i-7.85/page-1.html.

Canada. 2022. Bill C-13. An act to amend the Official Languages Act, to enact the use of French in Federally Regulated Private Businesses Act and to make related amendments to other Acts. https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/44-1/bill/C-13/first-reading

Canada. 2023. Indigenous Languages Act S.C. 2019, c. 23. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/i-7.85/page-1.

Canadian Heritage. 2019. “Minister Joly announces a review of the Official Languages Act to support the vitality of official languages across Canada and the full recognition of English and French in Canadian society.” Ottawa: Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/news/2019/03/ministerjoly-announces-a-review-of-the-official-languages-act-to-support-the-vitality-of-official-languages-across-canada-and-the-full-recognition-.html.

Canadian Heritage. 2021. French and English: Towards real equality of official languages in Canada. Ottawa: Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/corporate/publications/general-publications/equality-official-languages.html.

Cardinal, Linda. 2015. “Language regime and language politics in Canada.” In Language regimes and state traditions, edited by Linda Cardinal & Selma Sonntag, 29–43. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Cardinal, Linda. 2016. “Language policymaking and planning in Québec and in Canada.” In Quebec questions. Quebec studies for the twenty first century, edited by Stéphan Gervais, Christopher Kirkey & Jarrett Rudy, 175–196. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cardinal, Linda & Pierre Foucher. 2017. “Minority languages, education and the Constitution in Canada.” In Oxford handbook of Canadian constitutionalism, edited by Oliver Peter, Patrick Macklem & Nathalie Des Rosiers, 553–574. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190664817.003.0026.

Cardinal, Linda & Rémi Léger. 2019. “Ethnocultural and linguistic diversity: New challenges to Canada’s language regime.” In Language policies in Canada and in the United States, edited by Thomas Ricento, 300–317. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108684804.017.

Cardinal, Linda & Miranda Huron. 2022. Canada’s language policies: Well-established, but still room for Improvement. Ottawa: Forum of Federation. https://forumfed.org/document/canadas-language-policies-well-established-but-still-room-for-improvement/.

Cournoyer Paquin, Bruno. 2020. “Discours du Trône : vers un traitement asymétrique des langues officielles?” Francopresse, September 25, 2020. https://francopresse.ca/2020/09/25/discours-du-trone-vers-un-traitement-asymetrique-des-langues-officielles/.

Dubé, Jean-Pierre. 2018. “Justin Trudeau promet de moderniser la Loi sur les langues officielles.” Francopresse, June 6, 2018. https://francopresse.ca/2018/06/06/justin-trudeau-promet-de-moderniser-la-loi-sur-les-langues-officielles/.

Ferretti, ValentinaIrene Pluchinotta & Alexis Tsoukiàs. 2019. “Studying the generation of alternatives in public policy making processes.” European Journal of Operational Research 273 (1): 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2018.07.054.

Gagnon, Alain-G. 2021. “Multinational federalism: Challenges, shortcomings and promises.” Regional & Federal Studies 31 (1): 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2020.1781097.

Gagnon, Alain-G. & Raffaele Iacovino. 2007. Federalism, citizenship and Quebec: Debating multinationalism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442689718.

Gaspard, Helaina. 2019. Canada’s official languages: Policy versus work practice in the Federal Public Service. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.

Global News. 2019. “Air Canada ordered to pay $21K for violating French language rights.” Global News, August 29, 2019. https://globalnews.ca/news/5833286/air-canada-french-language-rights/

Gochnauer, Myron. 1991. “Philosophical musings on persons, groups and rights.” University of New-Brunswick Law Journal 40: 66–86.

Graham, Katherine & Eli Yarhi. 2006. “Territorial government in Canada.” The Canadian encyclopediahttps://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/territorial-government

Harrington, Matthew P. 2017. “Language rights and the political compromise doctrine.” Supreme Court Law Review 78: 275–304. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3006053.

Jennings, Marlene. 2023. “Opinion: Federal official languages bill is cause for alarm.” Montreal Gazette, June 14, 2022. https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/opinion-federal-official-languages-bill-is-cause-for-alarm.

Kymlicka, Will. 1998. Finding our way: Rethinking ethnocultural relations in Canada. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Laforest Guy. 1995. Trudeau and the end of the Canadian dream. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Laing, George & Celine Cooper. 2019. “Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism.” The Canadian encyclopediahttps://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/royal-commission-on-bilingualism-and-biculturalism

Lecomte, Lucie. 2017. The federal public service bilingualism bonus. Ottawa: Library of Parliament. https://lop.parl.ca/sites/PublicWebsite/default/en_CA/ResearchPublications/201729E

MacMillan, Michael. 1998. The practice of language rights in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442678705.

Martel, Marcel Martin Pâquet. 2010. Langue et politique au Canada et au Québec. Une synthèse historique. Montreal: Boréal.

Martin, Laurence. 2021. “Le bilinguisme, « L’affaire des francophones » dans la fonction publique fédérale.”Radio-Canada, June 22, 2021. https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1892873/francais-protection-langue-officielle-anglais.

Nemčok, Miroslav & Wass, Hanna. 2023. “Generations and political engagement.” Oxford research encyclopedia of politicshttps://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1756.

Normand, Martin. 2019. “L’offre active de services en français : généalogie d’un outil de politique publique.” Francophonies d’Amérique 48: 37–59. https://doi.org/10.7202/1066872ar.

OCOL = Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 2022. Annual Reportshttps://www.clo-ocol.gc.ca/en/publications/annual_reports/index.

Proulx, Boris. 2022. “La haute direction d’Affaires mondiales Canada ne fait toujours pas plus de place au français.” Le Devoir, November 10, 2022. https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/canada/770211/affaires-mondiale-canada-la-haute-direction-ne-fait-pas-du-francais-une-priorite.

Proulx, Boris. 2020. “Les francophones quasiment absents des postes clés de la diplomatie canadienne.” Le Devoir, December 1 2020. https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/canada/591673/langues-diplomatie-unilingue-au-sommet

QCGN = Quebec Community Group Network. 2022. “QCGN President Eva Ludvig.” Press Coverage, QCGN News, November 9, 2022. https://qcgn.ca/bill-c-13-coming-under-fire-from-anglophone-communities-in-quebec/.

Rayner, Jeremy & Michael Howlett. 2009. “Introduction: Understanding integrated policy strategies and their evolution.” Policy and Society 28 (2): 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2009.05.001.

Réaume, Denise & Lorne Greene. 1989. “Education and linguistic security in the Charter.” McGill Law Journal 34 (4): 777–816. 

Robichaud, Jacques. 1983. “Le bilinguisme dans l’administration fédérale du Canada (1969–1982).” Les Cahiers de droit 24 (1): 115–130. https://doi.org/10.7202/042537ar.

Sonntag, Selma & Linda Cardinal. 2015. “Introduction: Conceptualizing language regime and state traditions.” In Language regimes and state traditions, edited by Linda Cardinal & Selma Sonntag, 3–28. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Senate of Canada. 2021. “The speech from the Throne marks the return to Parliament.” SenCA+Magazine. November 17, 2021. https://sencanada.ca/en/sencaplus/how-why/the-speech-from-the-throne-marks-the-return-of-parliament/

SC = Statistics Canada. 2021a. “All languages spoken at home of person.” https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p3Var.pl?Function=DEC&Id=1231377.

Statistics Canada. 2017. Language projections for Canada, 2011 to 2036. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/89-657-x/89-657-x2017001-eng.pdf?st=wj8QlLSV.

Statistics Canada. 2021b. “First official language spoken.” https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p3Var.pl?Function=DECI&Id=30413

Statistics Canada. 2021c. “Mother tongue.” https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p3Var.pl?Function=DECI&Id=30433.

Statistics Canada. 2021d. “Other language(s) spoken regularly at home.” https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p3Var.pl?Function=DEC&Id=41231.

Statistics Canada. 2022a. “All languages used at work of on the job on a regular basis.” https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/ref/dict/az/Definition-eng.cfm?ID=pop268.

Statistics Canada. 2022b. “Knowledge of non-official languages.” https://www12-2021.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/ref/dict/az/definition-eng.cfm?ID=pop054.

Statistics Canada. 2022c. “Knowledge of official languages.” https://www12-2021.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/ref/dict/az/Definition-eng.cfm?ID=pop055

Statistics Canada. 2022d. “Language spoken most often at home.” https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p3Var.pl?Function=DEC&Id=37991.

Statistics Canada. 2022e. “Language used most often at work.” https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/ref/dict/az/definition-eng.cfm?ID=pop222.

Statistics Canada. 2022f. “Mother tongue by first official language spoken, language spoken most often at home and other language(s) spoken regularly at home: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts.” https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810016901

Statistics Canada. 2022g. “Other language(s) used regularly at work.” https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/ref/dict/az/definition-eng.cfm?ID=pop223.

Statistics Canada. 2022h. “Potential demand for federal communications and services in the minority official language.” https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/ref/dict/az/Definition-eng.cfm?ID=pop269.

Statistics Canada. 2022i. “Quick facts.” https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/census/census-engagement/community-supporter/language.

Statistics Canada. 2022j. “The Daily.” https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220817/dq220817a-eng.htm.

Statistics Canada. 2023. “Statistics Canada.” https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/start

Taylor, Charles. 1995. Multiculturalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Tully, James. 1995. Strange multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an age of diversity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139170888.

Turgeon, Luc & Alain Gagnon. 2015. “Bureaucratic linguistic regimes in multilingual states: A comparison of Belgium and Canada.” In Language regimes and state traditions, edited by Linda Cardinal & Selma Sonntag, 119–136. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Wernick, Michael. 2021. “The growing friction between bilingualism and other forms of inclusion in Canada.” Global Government Forum, June 7, 2021. https://www.globalgovernmentforum.com/growing-friction-bilingualism-inclusion-canada/.

Descàrregues

Publicades

2023-04-27

Com citar

Cardinal, Linda. 2023. “Canada’s Language Policy-Choices and the Modernization of the Official Languages Act”. Just. Journal of Language Rights & Minorities, Revista De Drets Lingüístics I Minories 2 (1). València, ES:21-47. https://doi.org/10.7203/Just.2.25833.
Metrics
Views/Downloads
  • Resum
    774
  • PDF
    340

Número

Secció

Drets, règims lingüístics i política lingüística: Una perspectiva internacional

Metrics

Articles similars

1 2 > >> 

També podeu iniciar una cerca avançada per similitud per a aquest article.